package org.sentrysoftware.jawk.backend;
   
   /*-
    * ╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲
    * Jawk
    * ჻჻჻჻჻჻
    * Copyright (C) 2006 - 2023 Sentry Software
    * ჻჻჻჻჻჻
    * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
   * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
   * License, or (at your option) any later version.
   *
   * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   * GNU General Lesser Public License for more details.
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Lesser Public
   * License along with this program.  If not, see
   * <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html>.
   * ╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱╲╱
   */
  
  import java.io.FileOutputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.PrintStream;
  import java.io.StringReader;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.Enumeration;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Locale;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.Random;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  import java.util.regex.Matcher;
  import java.util.regex.Pattern;
  
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.ExitException;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.ext.JawkExtension;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.frontend.AwkSyntaxTree;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.intermediate.Address;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.intermediate.AwkTuples;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.intermediate.Position;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.intermediate.PositionForInterpretation;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.intermediate.UninitializedObject;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.AssocArray;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.AwkRuntimeException;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.BlockManager;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.BlockObject;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.CharacterTokenizer;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.JRT;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.KeyList;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.KeyListImpl;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.ConditionPair;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.RegexTokenizer;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.SingleCharacterTokenizer;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.jrt.VariableManager;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.ArrayStackImpl;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.AwkLogger;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.AwkSettings;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.LinkedListStackImpl;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.MyStack;
  import org.sentrysoftware.jawk.util.ScriptSource;
  import org.sentrysoftware.printf4j.Printf4J;
  import org.slf4j.Logger;
  
  /**
   * The Jawk interpreter.
   * <p>
   * It takes tuples constructed by the intermediate step
   * and executes each tuple in accordance to their instruction semantics.
   * The tuples correspond to the Awk script compiled by the parser.
   * The interpreter consists of an instruction processor (interpreter),
   * a runtime stack, and machinery to support the instruction set
   * contained within the tuples.
   *
   * <p>
   * The interpreter runs completely independent of the frontend/intermediate step.
   * In fact, an intermediate file produced by Jawk is sufficient to
   * execute on this interpreter. The binding data-structure is
   * the AwkSettings, which can contain options pertinent to
   * the interpreter. For example, the interpreter must know about
   * the -v command line argument values, as well as the file/variable list
   * parameter values (ARGC/ARGV) after the script on the command line.
   * However, if programmatic access to the AVM is required, meaningful
   * AwkSettings are not required.
   *
   * <p>
   * Semantic analysis has occurred prior to execution of the interpreter.
   * Therefore, the interpreter throws AwkRuntimeExceptions upon most
   * errors/conditions. It can also throw a <code>java.lang.Error</code> if an
   * interpreter error is encountered.
   *
   * @author Danny Daglas
  */
 public class AVM implements AwkInterpreter, VariableManager {
 
 	private static final Logger LOG = AwkLogger.getLogger(AVM.class);
 	private static final boolean IS_WINDOWS = (System.getProperty("os.name").indexOf("Windows") >= 0);
 
 	private RuntimeStack runtime_stack = new RuntimeStack();
 
 	// 16 slots by default
 	// (could be a parameter)
 	//private Deque<Object> operand_stack = new ArrayDeque<Object>(16);
 	//private MyStack<Object> operand_stack = new LinkedListStackImpl<Object>();
 	private MyStack<Object> operand_stack = new ArrayStackImpl<Object>();
 	private java.util.List<String> arguments;
 	private boolean sorted_array_keys;
 	private Map<String, Object> initial_variables;
 	private String initial_fs_value;
 	private boolean trap_illegal_format_exceptions;
 	private JRT jrt;
 	final private Locale locale;
 	private Map<String, JawkExtension> extensions;
 
 	// stack methods
 	//private Object pop() { return operand_stack.removeFirst(); }
 	//private void push(Object o) { operand_stack.addLast(o); }
 	private Object pop() { return operand_stack.pop(); }
 	private void push(Object o) { operand_stack.push(o); }
 
 	private final AwkSettings settings;
 
 	/**
 	 * Construct the interpreter.
 	 * <p>
 	 * Provided to allow programmatic construction of the interpreter
 	 * outside of the framework which is used by Jawk.
 	 */
 	public AVM() {
 		settings = null;
 		arguments = new ArrayList<String>();
 		sorted_array_keys = false;
 		initial_variables = new HashMap<String, Object>();
 		initial_fs_value = null;
 		trap_illegal_format_exceptions = false;
 		jrt = new JRT(this);	// this = VariableManager
 		locale = Locale.getDefault();
 		this.extensions = Collections.emptyMap();
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Construct the interpreter, accepting parameters which may have been
 	 * set on the command-line arguments to the JVM.
 	 *
 	 * @param parameters The parameters affecting the behavior of the
 	 *	interpreter.
 	 * @param extensions Map of the extensions to load
 	 */
 	public AVM(final AwkSettings parameters, final Map<String, JawkExtension> extensions) {
 		if (parameters == null) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("AwkSettings can not be null");
 		}
 		this.settings = parameters;
 		locale = settings.getLocale();
 		arguments = parameters.getNameValueOrFileNames();
 		sorted_array_keys = parameters.isUseSortedArrayKeys();
 		initial_variables = parameters.getVariables();
 		initial_fs_value = parameters.getFieldSeparator();
 		trap_illegal_format_exceptions = parameters.isCatchIllegalFormatExceptions();
 		jrt = new JRT(this);	// this = VariableManager
 		this.extensions = extensions;
 		for (JawkExtension ext : extensions.values()) {
 			ext.init(this, jrt, settings);	// this = VariableManager
 		}
 	}
 
 	private long nf_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long nr_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long fnr_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long fs_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long rs_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long ofs_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long ors_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long rstart_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long rlength_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long filename_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long subsep_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long convfmt_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long ofmt_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long environ_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long argc_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 	private long argv_offset = NULL_OFFSET;
 
 	private static final Integer ZERO = Integer.valueOf(0);
 	private static final Integer ONE = Integer.valueOf(1);
 
 	private Random random_number_generator;
 	private int oldseed;
 
 	private Address exit_address = null;
 	
 	/**
 	 * <code>true</code> if execution position is within an END block;
 	 * <code>false</code> otherwise.
 	 */
 	private boolean within_end_blocks = false;
 
 	/**
 	 * Exit code set by the <code>exit NN</code> command (0 by default)
 	 */
 	private int exit_code = 0;
 	
 	/**
 	 * Whether <code>exit</code> has been called and we should throw ExitException
 	 */
 	private boolean throw_exit_exception = false;
 	
 	/**
 	 * Maps global variable names to their global array offsets.
 	 * It is useful when passing variable assignments from the file-list
 	 * portion of the command-line arguments.
 	 */
 	private Map<String, Integer> global_variable_offsets;
 	/**
 	 * Indicates whether the variable, by name, is a scalar
 	 * or not. If not, then it is an Associative Array.
 	 */
 	private Map<String, Boolean> global_variable_arrays;
 	private Set<String> function_names;
 
 	private static int parseIntField(Object obj, PositionForInterpretation position) {
 
 		int fieldVal;
 
 		if (obj instanceof Number) {
 			fieldVal = ((Number) obj).intValue();
 		} else {
 			try {
 				fieldVal = (int) Double.parseDouble(obj.toString());
 			} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
 				throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Field $(" + obj.toString() + ") is incorrect.");
 			}
 		}
 
 		return fieldVal;
 	}
 
 	private void setNumOnJRT(int fieldNum, double num) {
 
 		String numString;
 		if (num == (long) num) {
 			numString = Long.toString((long) num);
 		} else {
 			numString = Double.toString(num);
 		}
 
 		// same code as _ASSIGN_AS_INPUT_FIELD_
 		if (fieldNum == 0) {
 			jrt.setInputLine(numString.toString());
 			jrt.jrtParseFields();
 		} else {
 			jrt.jrtSetInputField(numString, fieldNum);
 		}
 	}
 
 	private String execSubOrGSub(PositionForInterpretation position, int gsubArgPos) {
 
 		String newString;
 
 		// arg[gsubArgPos] = is_gsub
 		// stack[0] = original field value
 		// stack[1] = replacement string
 		// stack[2] = ere
 		boolean is_gsub = position.boolArg(gsubArgPos);
 		String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 		String orig = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 		String repl = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 		String ere = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 		if (is_gsub) {
 			newString = replaceAll(orig, ere, repl);
 		} else {
 			newString = replaceFirst(orig, ere, repl);
 		}
 
 		return newString;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * {@inheritDoc}
 	 *
 	 * Traverse the tuples, executing their associated opcodes to provide
 	 * an execution platform for Jawk scripts.
 	 * @throws IOException in case of I/O problems (with getline typically)
 	 */
 	@Override
 	public void interpret(AwkTuples tuples)
 			throws ExitException, IOException
 	{
 		Map<String, Pattern> regexps = new HashMap<String, Pattern>();
 		Map<Integer, ConditionPair> condition_pairs = new HashMap<Integer, ConditionPair>();
 
 		global_variable_offsets = tuples.getGlobalVariableOffsetMap();
 		global_variable_arrays = tuples.getGlobalVariableAarrayMap();
 		function_names = tuples.getFunctionNameSet();
 
 		PositionForInterpretation position = (PositionForInterpretation) tuples.top();
 
 		try {
 			while (!position.isEOF()) {
 				//System_out.println("--> "+position);
 				int opcode = position.opcode();
 				// switch on OPCODE
 				switch (opcode) {
 					case AwkTuples._PRINT_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack
 						// stack[0] = item 1
 						// stack[1] = item 2
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						printTo(settings.getOutputStream(), num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PRINT_TO_FILE_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack
 						// arg[1] = true=append, false=overwrite
 						// stack[0] = output filename
 						// stack[1] = item 1
 						// stack[2] = item 2
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean append = position.boolArg(1);
 						String key = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						PrintStream ps = jrt.getOutputFiles().get(key);
 						if (ps == null) {
 							try {
 								jrt.getOutputFiles().put(key, ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(key, append), true));	// true = autoflush
 							} catch (IOException ioe) {
 								throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Cannot open " + key + " for writing: " + ioe);
 							}
 						}
 						printTo(ps, num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PRINT_TO_PIPE_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack
 						// stack[0] = command to execute
 						// stack[1] = item 1
 						// stack[2] = item 2
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						String cmd = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						PrintStream ps = jrt.jrtSpawnForOutput(cmd);
 						printTo(ps, num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PRINTF_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack (includes format string)
 						// stack[0] = format string
 						// stack[1] = item 1
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						printfTo(settings.getOutputStream(), num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PRINTF_TO_FILE_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack (includes format string)
 						// arg[1] = true=append, false=overwrite
 						// stack[0] = output filename
 						// stack[1] = format string
 						// stack[2] = item 1
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean append = position.boolArg(1);
 						String key = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						PrintStream ps = jrt.getOutputFiles().get(key);
 						if (ps == null) {
 							try {
 								jrt.getOutputFiles().put(key, ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(key, append), true));	// true = autoflush
 							} catch (IOException ioe) {
 								throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Cannot open " + key + " for writing: " + ioe);
 							}
 						}
 						printfTo(ps, num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PRINTF_TO_PIPE_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of items to print on the stack (includes format string)
 						// stack[0] = command to execute
 						// stack[1] = format string
 						// stack[2] = item 1
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						String cmd = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						PrintStream ps = jrt.jrtSpawnForOutput(cmd);
 						printfTo(ps, num_args);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SPRINTF_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of sprintf arguments
 						// stack[0] = arg1 (format string)
 						// stack[1] = arg2
 						// etc.
 						long num_args = position.intArg(0);
 						push(sprintfFunction(num_args));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._LENGTH_: {
 
 						// arg[0] = 0==use $0, otherwise, use the stack element
 						// stack[0] = element to measure (only if arg[0] != 0)
 
 						// print items from the top of the stack
 						// # of items
 						long num = position.intArg(0);
 						if (num == 0) {
 							// display $0
 							push(jrt.jrtGetInputField(0).toString().length());
 						} else {
 							push(pop().toString().length());
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PUSH_: {
 						// arg[0] = constant to push onto the stack
 						push(position.arg(0));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._POP_: {
 						// stack[0] = item to pop from the stack
 						pop();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._IFFALSE_: {
 						// arg[0] = address to jump to if top of stack is false
 						// stack[0] = item to check
 
 						// if int, then check for 0
 						// if double, then check for 0
 						// if String, then check for "" or double value of "0"
 						boolean jump = !jrt.toBoolean(pop());
 						if (jump) {
 							position.jump(position.addressArg());
 						} else {
 							position.next();
 						}
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._TO_NUMBER_: {
 						// stack[0] = item to convert to a number
 
 						// if int, then check for 0
 						// if double, then check for 0
 						// if String, then check for "" or double value of "0"
 						boolean val = jrt.toBoolean(pop());
 						push(val ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._IFTRUE_: {
 						// arg[0] = address to jump to if top of stack is true
 						// stack[0] = item to check
 
 						// if int, then check for 0
 						// if double, then check for 0
 						// if String, then check for "" or double value of "0"
 						boolean jump = jrt.toBoolean(pop());
 						if (jump) {
 							position.jump(position.addressArg());
 						} else {
 							position.next();
 						}
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._NOT_: {
 						// stack[0] = item to logically negate
 
 						// if int, then check for 0
 						// if double, then check for 0
 						// if String, then check for "" or double value of "0"
 						Object o = pop();
 						boolean result;
 						if (o instanceof Integer) {
 							result = ((Integer)o).intValue() != 0;
 						} else if (o instanceof Long) {
 							result = ((Long)o).longValue() != 0;
 						} else if (o instanceof Double) {
 							result = ((Double)o).doubleValue() != 0;
 						} else if (o instanceof String) {
 							result = (o.toString().length() > 0);
 						} else if (o instanceof UninitializedObject) {
 							result = false;
 						} else {
 							throw new Error("Unknown operand_stack type: "+o.getClass()+" for value "+o);
 						}
 						if (result) {
 							push(0);
 						} else {
 							push(1);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._NEGATE_: {
 						// stack[0] = item to numerically negate
 
 						double d = JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						if (d == (long) d) {
 							push((long) -d);
 						} else {
 							push(-d);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._UNARY_PLUS_: {
 						// stack[0] = item to convert to a number
 						double d = JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						if (d == (long) d) {
 							push((long)d);
 						} else {
 							push(d);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._GOTO_: {
 						// arg[0] = address
 
 						position.jump(position.addressArg());
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._NOP_: {
 						// do nothing, just advance the position
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CONCAT_: {
 						// stack[0] = string1
 						// stack[1] = string2
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						String s2 = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String s1 = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String result_string = s1 + s2;
 						push(result_string);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ASSIGN_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = value
 						Object value = pop();
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						assign(position.intArg(0), value, is_global, position);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ASSIGN_ARRAY_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						// stack[1] = value
 						Object arr_idx = pop();
 						Object rhs = pop();
 						if (rhs == null) {
 							rhs = BLANK;
 						}
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						assignArray(offset, arr_idx, rhs, is_global);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_ARRAY_:
 					case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_ARRAY_:
 					case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_ARRAY_:
 					case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_ARRAY_:
 					case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_ARRAY_:
 					case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_ARRAY_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						// stack[1] = value
 						Object arr_idx = pop();
 						Object rhs = pop();
 						if (rhs == null) {
 							rhs = BLANK;
 						}
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 
 						double val = JRT.toDouble(rhs);
 
 						// from _DEREF_ARRAY_
 						// stack[0] = AssocArray
 						// stack[1] = array index
 						Object o1 = runtime_stack.getVariable(offset, is_global);	// map
 						if (o1 == null || o1 instanceof UninitializedObject) {
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(offset, o1 = new AssocArray(sorted_array_keys), is_global);
 						} else {
 							assert o1 instanceof AssocArray;
 						}
 
 						AssocArray array = (AssocArray) o1;
 						Object o = array.get(arr_idx);
 						assert o != null;
 						double orig_val = JRT.toDouble(o);
 
 						double new_val;
 
 						switch (opcode) {
 							case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = orig_val + val;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = orig_val - val;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = orig_val * val;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = orig_val / val;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = orig_val % val;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_ARRAY_:
 								new_val = Math.pow(orig_val, val);
 								break;
 							default:
 								throw new Error("Invalid op code here: " + opcode);
 						}
 
 						if (new_val == (long) new_val) {
 							assignArray(offset, arr_idx, (long) new_val, is_global);
 						} else {
 							assignArray(offset, arr_idx, new_val, is_global);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ASSIGN_AS_INPUT_: {
 						// stack[0] = value
 						jrt.setInputLine(pop().toString());
 						jrt.jrtParseFields();
 						push(jrt.getInputLine());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ASSIGN_AS_INPUT_FIELD_: {
 						// stack[0] = field number
 						// stack[1] = value
 						Object field_num_obj = pop();
 						int field_num;
 						if (field_num_obj instanceof Number) {
 							field_num = ((Number) field_num_obj).intValue();
 						} else {
 							try {
 								field_num = Integer.parseInt(field_num_obj.toString());
 							} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
 								field_num = 0;
 							}
 						}
 						String value = pop().toString();
 						push(value);	// leave the result on the stack
 						if (field_num == 0) {
 							jrt.setInputLine(value);
 							jrt.jrtParseFields();
 						} else {
 							jrt.jrtSetInputField(value, field_num);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_:
 					case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_:
 					case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_:
 					case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_:
 					case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_:
 					case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = value
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						Object o1 = runtime_stack.getVariable(position.intArg(0), is_global);
 						if (o1 == null) {
 							o1 = BLANK;
 						}
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans;
 						switch (opcode) {
 							case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_:
 								ans = d1 + d2;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_:
 								ans = d1 - d2;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_:
 								ans = d1 * d2;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_:
 								ans = d1 / d2;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_:
 								ans = d1 % d2;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_:
 								ans = Math.pow(d1, d2);
 								break;
 							default:
 								throw new Error("Invalid opcode here: " + opcode);
 						}
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), (int) ans, is_global);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), ans, is_global);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 					case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 					case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 					case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 					case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 					case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_: {
 						// stack[0] = dollar_field_number
 						// stack[1] = inc value
 
 						// same code as _GET_INPUT_FIELD_:
 						int fieldnum = parseIntField(pop(), position);
 						double incval = JRT.toDouble(pop());
 
 						// except here, get the number, and add the incvalue
 						Object num_obj = jrt.jrtGetInputField(fieldnum);
 						double num;
 						switch (opcode) {
 							case AwkTuples._PLUS_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) + incval;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MINUS_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) - incval;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MULT_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) * incval;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._DIV_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) / incval;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._MOD_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) % incval;
 								break;
 							case AwkTuples._POW_EQ_INPUT_FIELD_:
 								num = Math.pow(JRT.toDouble(num_obj), incval);
 								break;
 							default:
 								throw new Error("Invalid opcode here: " + opcode);
 						}
 						setNumOnJRT(fieldnum, num);
 
 						// put the result value on the stack
 						push(num);
 						position.next();
 
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._INC_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						inc(position.intArg(0), position.boolArg(1));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DEC_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						dec(position.intArg(0), position.boolArg(1));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._POSTINC_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						pop();
 						push(inc(position.intArg(0), position.boolArg(1)));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._POSTDEC_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						pop();
 						push(dec(position.intArg(0), position.boolArg(1)));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._INC_ARRAY_REF_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						Object o1 = runtime_stack.getVariable(position.intArg(0), is_global);
 						if (o1 == null || o1 instanceof UninitializedObject) {
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), o1 = new AssocArray(sorted_array_keys), is_global);
 						}
 						AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) o1;
 						Object key = pop();
 						Object o = aa.get(key);
 						assert o != null;
 						double ans = JRT.toDouble(o) + 1;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							aa.put(key, (long) ans);
 						} else {
 							aa.put(key, ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DEC_ARRAY_REF_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						Object o1 = runtime_stack.getVariable(position.intArg(0), is_global);
 						if (o1 == null || o1 instanceof UninitializedObject) {
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), o1 = new AssocArray(sorted_array_keys), is_global);
 						}
 						AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) o1;
 						Object key = pop();
 						Object o = aa.get(key);
 						assert o != null;
 						double ans = JRT.toDouble(o) - 1;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							aa.put(key, (long) ans);
 						} else {
 							aa.put(key, ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._INC_DOLLAR_REF_: {
 						// stack[0] = dollar index (field number)
 						// same code as _GET_INPUT_FIELD_:
 						int fieldnum = parseIntField(pop(), position);
 						// except here, get the number, and add one
 						//push(avmGetInputField(fieldnum));
 						Object num_obj = jrt.jrtGetInputField(fieldnum);
 						double num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) + 1;
 						setNumOnJRT(fieldnum, num);
 
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DEC_DOLLAR_REF_: {
 						// stack[0] = dollar index (field number)
 						// same code as _GET_INPUT_FIELD_:
 						int fieldnum = parseIntField(pop(), position);
 						// except here, get the number, and add one
 						//push(avmGetInputField(fieldnum));
 						Object num_obj = jrt.jrtGetInputField(fieldnum);
 						double num = JRT.toDouble(num_obj) - 1;
 						setNumOnJRT(fieldnum, num);
 
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DEREFERENCE_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(2);
 						Object o = runtime_stack.getVariable(position.intArg(0), is_global);
 						if (o == null) {
 							if (position.boolArg(1)) {
 								// is_array
 								push(runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), new AssocArray(sorted_array_keys), is_global));
 							} else {
 								push(runtime_stack.setVariable(position.intArg(0), BLANK, is_global));
 							}
 						} else {
 							push(o);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DEREF_ARRAY_: {
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						// stack[1] = AssocArray
 						Object idx = pop();	// idx
 						Object array = pop();	// map
 						if (!(array instanceof AssocArray)) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException("Attempting to index a non-associative-array.");
 						}
 						Object o = ((AssocArray) array).get(idx);
 						assert o != null;
 						push(o);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SRAND_: {
 						// arg[0] = num_args (where 0 = no args, anything else = one argument)
 						// stack[0] = seed (only if num_args != 0)
 						long numargs = position.intArg(0);
 						int seed;
 						if (numargs == 0) {
 							// use the time of day for the seed
 							seed = JRT.timeSeed();
 						} else {
 							Object o = pop();
 							if (o instanceof Double) {
 								seed = ((Double) o).intValue();
 							} else if (o instanceof Long) {
 								seed = ((Long) o).intValue();
 							} else if (o instanceof Integer) {
 								seed = ((Integer) o).intValue();
 							} else {
 								try {
 									seed = Integer.parseInt(o.toString());
 								} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
 									seed = 0;
 								}
 							}
 						}
 						random_number_generator = new Random(seed);
 						push(oldseed);
 						oldseed = seed;
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._RAND_: {
 						if (random_number_generator == null) {
 							int seed = JRT.timeSeed();
 							random_number_generator = new Random(seed);
 							oldseed = seed;
 						}
 						push(random_number_generator.nextDouble());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._INTFUNC_:
 					case AwkTuples._CAST_INT_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to int() function
 						push((long) JRT.toDouble(pop()));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SQRT_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to sqrt() function
 						push(Math.sqrt(JRT.toDouble(pop())));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._LOG_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to log() function
 						push(Math.log(JRT.toDouble(pop())));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._EXP_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to exp() function
 						push(Math.exp(JRT.toDouble(pop())));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SIN_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to sin() function
 						push(Math.sin(JRT.toDouble(pop())));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._COS_: {
 						// stack[0] = arg to cos() function
 						push(Math.cos(JRT.toDouble(pop())));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ATAN2_: {
 						// stack[0] = 2nd arg to atan2() function
 						// stack[1] = 1st arg to atan2() function
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						push(Math.atan2(d1, d2));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._MATCH_: {
 						// stack[0] = 2nd arg to match() function
 						// stack[1] = 1st arg to match() function
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						String ere = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 
 						// check if IGNORECASE set
 						int flags = 0;
 
 						if (global_variable_offsets.containsKey("IGNORECASE")) {
 							Integer offset_obj = global_variable_offsets.get("IGNORECASE");
 							Object ignorecase = runtime_stack.getVariable(offset_obj, true);
 
 							if (JRT.toDouble(ignorecase) != 0) {
 								flags |= Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE;
 							}
 						}
 
 						Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(ere, flags);
 						Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(s);
 						boolean result = matcher.find();
 						if (result) {
 							assign(rstart_offset, matcher.start() + 1, true, position);
 							assign(rlength_offset, matcher.end() - matcher.start(), true, position);
 							pop();
 							// end up with RSTART on the stack
 						} else {
 							assign(rstart_offset, ZERO, true, position);
 							assign(rlength_offset, -1, true, position);
 							pop();
 							// end up with RSTART on the stack
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._INDEX_: {
 						// stack[0] = 2nd arg to index() function
 						// stack[1] = 1st arg to index() function
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						String s2 = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String s1 = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						push(s1.indexOf(s2) + 1);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUB_FOR_DOLLAR_0_: {
 						// arg[0] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = replacement string
 						// stack[1] = ere
 						boolean is_gsub = position.boolArg(0);
 						// top-of-stack = ere
 						// next = repl
 						// (use $0 as orig)
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						String repl = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String ere = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						String orig = JRT.toAwkString(jrt.jrtGetInputField(0), convfmt, locale);
 						String newstring;
 						if (is_gsub) {
 							newstring = replaceAll(orig, ere, repl);
 						} else {
 							newstring = replaceFirst(orig, ere, repl);
 						}
 						// assign it to "$0"
 						jrt.setInputLine(newstring);
 						jrt.jrtParseFields();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUB_FOR_DOLLAR_REFERENCE_: {
 						// arg[0] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = original field value
 						// stack[1] = replacement string
 						// stack[2] = ere
 						// stack[3] = field num
 						// (use $field_num as orig)
 						String newString = execSubOrGSub(position, 0);
 						int fieldNum = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						// assign it to "$0"
 						if (fieldNum == 0) {
 							jrt.setInputLine(newString);
 							jrt.jrtParseFields();
 						} else {
 							jrt.jrtSetInputField(newString, fieldNum);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUB_FOR_VARIABLE_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// arg[2] = is_gsub
 						// stack[0] = original variable value
 						// stack[1] = replacement string
 						// stack[2] = ere
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						String newString = execSubOrGSub(position, 2);
 						// assign it to "offset/global"
 						assign(offset, newString, is_global, position);
 						pop();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUB_FOR_ARRAY_REFERENCE_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// arg[2] = is_gsub
 						// stack[0] = original variable value
 						// stack[1] = replacement string
 						// stack[2] = ere
 						// stack[3] = array index
 						// ARRAY reference offset/is_global
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						Object arr_idx = pop();
 						String newString = execSubOrGSub(position, 2);
 						// assign it to "offset/arr_idx/global"
 						assignArray(offset, arr_idx, newString, is_global);
 						pop();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SPLIT_: {
 						// arg[0] = num args
 						// stack[0] = field_sep (only if num args == 3)
 						// stack[1] = array
 						// stack[2] = string
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						long numargs = position.intArg(0);
 						String fs_string;
 						if (numargs == 2) {
 							fs_string = JRT.toAwkString(getFS(), convfmt, locale);
 						} else if (numargs == 3) {
 							fs_string = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						} else {
 							throw new Error("Invalid # of args. split() requires 2 or 3. Got: " + numargs);
 						}
 						Object o = pop();
 						if (!(o instanceof AssocArray)) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), o + " is not an array.");
 						}
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale);
 						Enumeration<Object> tokenizer;
 						if (fs_string.equals(" ")) {
 							tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(s);
 						} else if (fs_string.length() == 1) {
 							tokenizer = new SingleCharacterTokenizer(s, fs_string.charAt(0));
 						} else if (fs_string.isEmpty()) {
 							tokenizer = new CharacterTokenizer(s);
 						} else {
 							tokenizer = new RegexTokenizer(s, fs_string);
 						}
 
 						AssocArray assoc_array = (AssocArray) o;
 						assoc_array.clear();
 						int cnt = 0;
 						while (tokenizer.hasMoreElements()) {
 							assoc_array.put(++cnt, tokenizer.nextElement());
 						}
 						push(cnt);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUBSTR_: {
 						// arg[0] = num args
 						// stack[0] = length (only if num args == 3)
 						// stack[1] = start pos
 						// stack[2] = string
 						long numargs = position.intArg(0);
 						int startPos, length;
 						String s;
 						if (numargs == 3)
 						{
 							length = (int) JRT.toLong(pop());
 							startPos = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 							s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						} else if (numargs == 2) {
 							startPos = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 							s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 							length = s.length() - startPos + 1;
 						} else {
 							throw new Error("numargs for _SUBSTR_ must be 2 or 3. It is " + numargs);
 						}
 						if (startPos <= 0) {
 							startPos = 1;
 						}
 						if (length <= 0 || startPos > s.length()) {
 							push(BLANK);
 						} else {
 							if (startPos + length > s.length()) {
 								push(s.substring(startPos - 1));
 							} else {
 								push(s.substring(startPos - 1, startPos + length - 1));
 							}
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._TOLOWER_: {
 						// stack[0] = string
 						push(JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale).toLowerCase());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._TOUPPER_: {
 						// stack[0] = string
 						push(JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale).toUpperCase());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SYSTEM_: {
 						// stack[0] = command string
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						push(JRT.jrtSystem(s));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SWAP_: {
 						// stack[0] = item1
 						// stack[1] = item2
 						swapOnStack();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CMP_EQ_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						push(JRT.compare2(o1, o2, 0) ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CMP_LT_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						push(JRT.compare2(o1, o2, -1) ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CMP_GT_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						push(JRT.compare2(o1, o2, 1) ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._MATCHES_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						// use o1's string value
 						String s = o1.toString();
 						// assume o2 is a regexp
 						if (o2 instanceof Pattern) {
 							Pattern p = (Pattern) o2;
 							Matcher m = p.matcher(s);
 							// m.matches() matches the ENTIRE string
 							// m.find() is more appropriate
 							boolean result = m.find();
 							push(result ? 1 : 0);
 						} else {
 							String r = JRT.toAwkString(o2, getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 							boolean result = Pattern.compile(r).matcher(s).find();
 							push(result ? 1 : 0);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SLEEP_: {
 						// arg[0] = num_args
 						// if (num_args==1)
 						// 	stack[0] = # of seconds
 						// else
 						// 	nothing on the stack
 						//int seconds = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						long seconds;
 						long numargs = position.intArg(0);
 						if (numargs == 0) {
 							seconds = 1;
 						} else {
 							seconds = (long) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						}
 						try {
 							Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000);
 						} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Caught exception while waiting for process exit: " + ie);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DUMP_: {
 						// arg[0] = num_args
 						// if (num_args==0)
 						// 	all Jawk global variables
 						// else
 						// 	args are assoc arrays to display
 						//int seconds = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						long numargs = position.intArg(0);
 						AssocArray[] aa_array;
 						if (numargs == 0) {
 							aa_array = null;
 						} else {
 							aa_array = new AssocArray[(int) numargs];
 							for (int i = 0; i < numargs; ++i) {
 								aa_array[i] = (AssocArray) pop();
 							}
 						}
 						avmDump(aa_array);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ADD_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = d1 + d2;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUBTRACT_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = d1 - d2;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._MULTIPLY_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = d1 * d2;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DIVIDE_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = d1 / d2;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._MOD_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = d1 % d2;
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._POW_: {
 						// stack[0] = item2
 						// stack[1] = item1
 						Object o2 = pop();
 						Object o1 = pop();
 						double d1 = JRT.toDouble(o1);
 						double d2 = JRT.toDouble(o2);
 						double ans = Math.pow(d1, d2);
 						if (ans == (long) ans) {
 							push((long) ans);
 						} else {
 							push(ans);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DUP_: {
 						// stack[0] = top of stack item
 						Object o = pop();
 						push(o);
 						push(o);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._KEYLIST_: {
 						// stack[0] = AssocArray
 						Object o = pop();
 						assert o != null;
 						if (!(o instanceof AssocArray)) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Cannot get a keylist (via 'in') of a non associative array. arg = " + o.getClass() + ", " + o);
 						}
 						AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) o;
 						push(new KeyListImpl(aa.keySet()));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._IS_EMPTY_KEYLIST_: {
 						// arg[0] = address
 						// stack[0] = KeyList
 						Object o = pop();
 						if (o == null || !(o instanceof KeyList)) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Cannot get a keylist (via 'in') of a non associative array. arg = " + o.getClass() + ", " + o);
 						}
 						KeyList keylist = (KeyList) o;
 						if (keylist.size() == 0) {
 							position.jump(position.addressArg());
 						} else {
 							position.next();
 						}
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._GET_FIRST_AND_REMOVE_FROM_KEYLIST_: {
 						// stack[0] = KeyList
 						Object o = pop();
 						if (o == null || !(o instanceof KeyList)) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Cannot get a keylist (via 'in') of a non associative array. arg = " + o.getClass() + ", " + o);
 						}
 						// pop off and return the head of the key set
 						KeyList keylist = (KeyList) o;
 						assert keylist.size() > 0;
 						push(keylist.getFirstAndRemove());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CHECK_CLASS_: {
 						// arg[0] = class object
 						// stack[0] = item to check
 						Object o = pop();
 						if (!(position.classArg().isInstance(o))) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "Verification failed. Top-of-stack = " + o.getClass() + " isn't an instance of " + position.classArg());
 						}
 						push(o);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CONSUME_INPUT_: {
 						// arg[0] = address
 						// false = do NOT put result on stack...
 						// instead, put it in field vars ($0, $1, ...)
 						if (avmConsumeInput(false)) {
 							position.next();
 						} else {
 							position.jump(position.addressArg());
 						}
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._GETLINE_INPUT_: {
 						avmConsumeInputForGetline();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._USE_AS_FILE_INPUT_: {
 						// stack[0] = filename
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						avmConsumeFileInputForGetline(s);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._USE_AS_COMMAND_INPUT_: {
 						// stack[0] = command line
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						avmConsumeCommandInputForGetline(s);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._NF_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						nf_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert nf_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(nf_offset, 0, true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._NR_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						nr_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert nr_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(nr_offset, 0, true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._FNR_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						fnr_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert fnr_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(fnr_offset, 0, true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._FS_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						fs_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert fs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						if (initial_fs_value == null) {
 							assign(fs_offset, " ", true, position);
 						} else {
 							assign(fs_offset, initial_fs_value, true, position);
 						}
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._RS_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						rs_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert rs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(rs_offset, settings.getDefaultRS(), true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._OFS_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						ofs_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert ofs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(ofs_offset, " ", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ORS_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						ors_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert ors_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(ors_offset, settings.getDefaultORS(), true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._RSTART_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						rstart_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert rstart_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(rstart_offset, "", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._RLENGTH_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						rlength_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert rlength_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(rlength_offset, "", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._FILENAME_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						filename_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert filename_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(filename_offset, "", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SUBSEP_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						subsep_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert subsep_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(subsep_offset, new String(new byte[] {28}), true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CONVFMT_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						convfmt_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert convfmt_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(convfmt_offset, "%.6g", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._OFMT_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						ofmt_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert ofmt_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						assign(ofmt_offset, "%.6g", true, position);
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ENVIRON_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						//// assignArray(offset, arr_idx, newstring, is_global);
 						environ_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert environ_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						// set the initial variables
 						Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
 						for (Map.Entry<String, String> var : env.entrySet()) {
 							assignArray(environ_offset, var.getKey(), var.getValue(), true);
 							pop(); // clean up the stack after the assignment
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ARGC_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						argc_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert argc_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						//assign(argc_offset, arguments.size(), true, position);	// true = global
 						// +1 to include the "java Awk" (ARGV[0])
 						assign(argc_offset, arguments.size() + 1, true, position);	// true = global
 						pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._ARGV_OFFSET_: {
 						// stack[0] = offset
 						argv_offset = position.intArg(0);
 						assert argv_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						// consume argv (looping from 1 to argc)
 						int argc = (int) JRT.toDouble(runtime_stack.getVariable(argc_offset, true));	// true = global
 						assignArray(argv_offset, 0, "java Awk", true);
 						pop();
 						for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 							//assignArray(argv_offset, i+1, arguments.get(i), true);
 							assignArray(argv_offset, i, arguments.get(i - 1), true);
 							pop();			// clean up the stack after the assignment
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._GET_INPUT_FIELD_: {
 						// stack[0] = field number
 						int fieldnum = parseIntField(pop(), position);
 						push(jrt.jrtGetInputField(fieldnum));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._APPLY_RS_: {
 						assert rs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 						Object rs_obj = runtime_stack.getVariable(rs_offset, true);	// true = global
 						if (jrt.getPartitioningReader() != null) {
 							jrt.getPartitioningReader().setRecordSeparator(rs_obj.toString());
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CALL_FUNCTION_: {
 						// arg[0] = function address
 						// arg[1] = function name
 						// arg[2] = # of formal parameters
 						// arg[3] = # of actual parameters
 						// stack[0] = last actual parameter
 						// stack[1] = before-last actual parameter
 						// ...
 						// stack[n-1] = first actual parameter
 						// etc.
 						Address func_addr = position.addressArg();
 						//String func_name = position.arg(1).toString();
 						long num_formal_params = position.intArg(2);
 						long num_actual_params = position.intArg(3);
 						assert num_formal_params >= num_actual_params;
 						runtime_stack.pushFrame(num_formal_params, position.current());
 						// Arguments are stacked, so first in the stack is the last for the function 
 						for (long i = num_actual_params - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) {
 							runtime_stack.setVariable(i, pop(), false);	// false = local
 						}
 						position.jump(func_addr);
 						//position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._FUNCTION_: {
 						// important for compilation,
 						// not needed for interpretation
 						// arg[0] = function name
 						// arg[1] = # of formal parameters
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SET_RETURN_RESULT_: {
 						// stack[0] = return result
 						runtime_stack.setReturnValue(pop());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._RETURN_FROM_FUNCTION_: {
 						position.jump(runtime_stack.popFrame());
 						push(runtime_stack.getReturnValue());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SET_NUM_GLOBALS_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of globals
 						assert position.intArg(0) == global_variable_offsets.size();
 						runtime_stack.setNumGlobals(position.intArg(0));
 
 						// now that we have the global variable size,
 						// we can allocate the initial variables
 
 						// assign -v variables (from initial_variables container)
 						for (String key : initial_variables.keySet()) {
 							if (function_names.contains(key)) {
 								throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a function name (" + key + ").");
 							}
 							Integer offset_obj = global_variable_offsets.get(key);
 							Boolean array_obj = global_variable_arrays.get(key);
 							if (offset_obj != null) {
 								assert array_obj != null;
 								if (array_obj.booleanValue()) {
 									throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a non-scalar variable (" + key + ").");
 								} else {
 									Object obj = initial_variables.get(key);
 									runtime_stack.setFilelistVariable(offset_obj.intValue(), obj);
 								}
 							}
 						}
 
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CLOSE_: {
 						// stack[0] = file or command line to close
 						String s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						push(jrt.jrtClose(s));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._APPLY_SUBSEP_: {
 						// arg[0] = # of elements for SUBSEP application
 						// stack[0] = first element
 						// stack[1] = second element
 						// etc.
 						long count = position.intArg(0);
 						assert count >= 1;
 						//String s;
 						String convfmt = getCONVFMT().toString();
 						if (count == 1) {
 							//s = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt);
 						} else {
 							StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 							sb.append(JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale));
 							String subsep = JRT.toAwkString(runtime_stack.getVariable(subsep_offset, true), convfmt, locale);
 							for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
 								sb.insert(0, subsep);
 								sb.insert(0, JRT.toAwkString(pop(), convfmt, locale));
 							}
 							push(sb.toString());
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DELETE_ARRAY_ELEMENT_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// stack[0] = array index
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) runtime_stack.getVariable(offset, is_global);
 						Object key = pop();
 						if (aa != null) {
 							aa.remove(key);
 						}
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._DELETE_ARRAY_: {
 						// arg[0] = offset
 						// arg[1] = is_global
 						// (nothing on the stack)
 						long offset = position.intArg(0);
 						boolean is_global = position.boolArg(1);
 						runtime_stack.removeVariable(offset, is_global);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SET_EXIT_ADDRESS_: {
 						// arg[0] = exit address
 						exit_address = position.addressArg();
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._SET_WITHIN_END_BLOCKS_: {
 						// arg[0] = whether within the END blocks section
 						within_end_blocks = position.boolArg(0);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._EXIT_WITHOUT_CODE_:
 					case AwkTuples._EXIT_WITH_CODE_: {
 						if (opcode == AwkTuples._EXIT_WITH_CODE_) {
 							// stack[0] = exit code
 							exit_code = (int) JRT.toDouble(pop());
 						}
 						throw_exit_exception = true;
 						
 						// If in BEGIN or in a rule, jump to the END section
 						if (!within_end_blocks) {
 							// clear runtime stack
 							runtime_stack.popAllFrames();
 							// clear operand stack
 							operand_stack.clear();
 							position.jump(exit_address);
 						} else {
 							// Exit immediately with ExitException
 							jrt.jrtCloseAll();
 							// clear operand stack
 							operand_stack.clear();
 							throw new ExitException(exit_code, "The AWK script requested an exit");
 							//position.next();
 						}
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._REGEXP_: {
 						// arg[0] = string representation of regexp
 						String key = JRT.toAwkString(position.arg(0), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						Pattern pattern = regexps.get(key);
 						if (pattern == null) {
 							regexps.put(key, pattern = Pattern.compile(key));
 						}
 						push(pattern);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CONDITION_PAIR_: {
 						// stack[0] = End condition
 						// stack[1] = Start condition
 						ConditionPair cp = condition_pairs.get(position.current());
 						if (cp == null) {
 							cp = new ConditionPair();
 							condition_pairs.put(position.current(), cp);
 						}
 						boolean end = jrt.toBoolean(pop());
 						boolean start = jrt.toBoolean(pop());
 						push(cp.update(start, end) ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._IS_IN_: {
 						// stack[0] = AssocArray
 						// stack[1] = key to check
 						Object arr = pop();
 						Object arg = pop();
 						AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) arr;
 						boolean result = aa.isIn(arg);
 						push(result ? ONE : ZERO);
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CAST_DOUBLE_: {
 						push(JRT.toDouble(pop()));
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._CAST_STRING_: {
 						push(pop().toString());
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._THIS_: {
 						// this is in preparation for a function
 						// call for the JVM-COMPILED script, only
 						// therefore, do NOTHING for the interpreted
 						// version
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._EXEC_: {
 						// stack[0] = Jawk code
 
 						// TODO FIXME First attempt. It is not complete by a long-shot. Use at your own risk.
 
 						String awk_code = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 						List<ScriptSource> scriptSources = new ArrayList<ScriptSource>(1);
 						scriptSources.add(new ScriptSource(ScriptSource.DESCRIPTION_COMMAND_LINE_SCRIPT, new StringReader(awk_code), false));
 
 						org.sentrysoftware.jawk.frontend.AwkParser ap = new org.sentrysoftware.jawk.frontend.AwkParser(
 								//true, true, true, extensions
 								settings.isAdditionalFunctions(),
 								settings.isAdditionalTypeFunctions(),
 								extensions);
 						try {
 							AwkSyntaxTree ast = ap.parse(scriptSources);
 							if (ast != null) {
 								ast.semanticAnalysis();
 								ast.semanticAnalysis();
 								AwkTuples new_tuples = new AwkTuples();
 								int result = ast.populateTuples(new_tuples);
 								assert result == 0;
 								new_tuples.postProcess();
 								ap.populateGlobalVariableNameToOffsetMappings(new_tuples);
 								AVM new_avm = new AVM(settings, extensions);
 								int subScriptExitCode = 0;
 								try {
 									new_avm.interpret(new_tuples);
 								} catch (ExitException ex) {
 									subScriptExitCode = ex.getCode();
 								}
 								push(subScriptExitCode);
 							} else {
 								push(-1);
 							}
 						} catch (IOException ioe) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "IO Exception caught : " + ioe);
 						}
 
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					case AwkTuples._EXTENSION_: {
 						// arg[0] = extension keyword
 						// arg[1] = # of args on the stack
 						// arg[2] = true if parent is NOT an extension function call
 						// 		(i.e., initial extension in calling expression)
 						// stack[0] = first actual parameter
 						// stack[1] = second actual parameter
 						// etc.
 						String extension_keyword = position.arg(0).toString();
 						long num_args = position.intArg(1);
 						boolean is_initial = position.boolArg(2);
 
 						JawkExtension extension = extensions.get(extension_keyword);
 						if (extension == null) {
 							throw new AwkRuntimeException("Extension for '" + extension_keyword + "' not found.");
 						}
 
 						Object[] args = new Object[(int) num_args];
 						for (int i = (int)num_args - 1 ; i >=0 ; i--) {
 							args[i] = pop();
 						}
 
 						Object retval = extension.invoke(extension_keyword, args);
 
 						// block if necessary
 						// (convert retval into the return value
 						// from the block operation ...)
 						if (is_initial && retval != null && retval instanceof BlockObject) {
 							retval = new BlockManager().block((BlockObject) retval);
 						}
 						// (... and proceed)
 
 						if (retval == null) {
 							retval = "";
 						} else if (retval instanceof Integer) {
 						} else if (retval instanceof Long) {
 						} else if (retval instanceof Double) {
 						} else if (retval instanceof String) {
 						} else if (retval instanceof AssocArray) {
 						} else if (retval instanceof BlockObject) {
 							// pass a block object through...
 						} else {
 							// all other extension results are converted
 							// to a string (via Object.toString())
 							retval = retval.toString();
 						}
 						push(retval);
 
 						position.next();
 						break;
 					}
 					default:
 						throw new Error("invalid opcode: " + AwkTuples.toOpcodeString(position.opcode()));
 				}
 			}
 			
 			// End of the instructions
 			jrt.jrtCloseAll();
 			
 		} catch (RuntimeException re) {
 			LOG.error("", re);
 			LOG.error("operand_stack = {}", operand_stack);
 			LOG.error("position = {}", position);
 			LOG.error("line number = {}", position.lineNumber());
 
 			// clear runtime stack
 			runtime_stack.popAllFrames();
 			// clear operand stack
 			operand_stack.clear();
 
 			throw re;
 		} catch (AssertionError ae) {
 			LOG.error("", ae);
 			LOG.error("operand_stack = {}", operand_stack);
 			try {
 				LOG.error("position = {}", position);
 			} catch (Throwable t) {
 				LOG.error("{ could not report on position", t);
 			}
 			try {
 				LOG.error("line number = {}", position.lineNumber());
 			} catch (Throwable t) {
 				LOG.error("{ could not report on line number", t);
 			}
 			throw ae;
 		}
 		
 		// If <code>exit</code> was called, throw an ExitException
 		if (throw_exit_exception) {
 			throw new ExitException(exit_code, "The AWK script requested an exit");
 		}
 
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Close all streams in the runtime
 	 */
 	public void waitForIO() {
 		jrt.jrtCloseAll();
 	}
 
 	private void avmDump(AssocArray[] aa_array) {
 		if (aa_array == null) {
 			// dump the runtime stack
 			Object[] globals = runtime_stack.getNumGlobals();
 			for (String name : global_variable_offsets.keySet()) {
 				int idx = global_variable_offsets.get(name);
 				Object value = globals[idx];
 				if (value instanceof AssocArray) {
 					AssocArray aa = (AssocArray) value;
 					value = aa.mapString();
 				}
 				LOG.info("{} = {}", name, value);
 			}
 		} else {
 			// dump associative arrays
 			for (AssocArray aa : aa_array) {
 				LOG.info(aa.mapString());
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	private void printTo(PrintStream ps, long num_args) {
 		// print items from the top of the stack
 		// # of items
 		if (num_args == 0) {
 			// display $0
 			ps.print(jrt.jrtGetInputField(0));
 			ps.print(getORS().toString());
 		} else {
 			// cache $OFS to separate fields below
 			// (no need to execute getOFS for each field)
 			String ofs_string = getOFS().toString();
 			
 			// Arguments are stacked, so we need to reverse order
 			Object[] args = new Object[(int)num_args];
 			for (int i = (int)num_args - 1 ; i >=0 ; i--) {
 				args[i] = pop();
 			}
 			
 			// Now print
 			for (int i = 0 ; i < num_args ; i++) {
 				ps.print(JRT.toAwkStringForOutput(args[i], getOFMT().toString(), locale));
 				// if more elements, display $FS
 				if (i < num_args - 1) {
 					// use $OFS to separate fields
 					ps.print(ofs_string);
 				}
 			}
 			ps.print(getORS().toString());
 		}
 		// for now, since we are not using Process.waitFor()
 		if (IS_WINDOWS) {
 			ps.flush();
 		}
 	}
 
 	private void printfTo(PrintStream ps, long num_args) {
 //		assert num_args > 0;
 		ps.print(sprintfFunction(num_args));
 		// for now, since we are not using Process.waitFor()
 		if (IS_WINDOWS) {
 			ps.flush();
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * sprintf() functionality
 	 */
 	private String sprintfFunction(long num_args) {
 
 		// Silly case
 		if (num_args == 0) return "";
 
 		// all but the format argument
 		Object[] arg_array = new Object[(int) (num_args - 1)];
 
 		// for each sprintf argument, put it into an
 		// array used in the String.format method
 		// Arguments are stacked, so we need to reverse their order
 		for (int i = (int)num_args - 2 ; i >= 0 ; i--) {
 			arg_array[i] = pop();
 		}
 
 		// the format argument!
 		String fmt = JRT.toAwkString(pop(), getCONVFMT().toString(), locale);
 
 		if (trap_illegal_format_exceptions) {
 			return Printf4J.sprintf(locale, fmt, arg_array);
 		} else {
 			return JRT.sprintfNoCatch(locale, fmt, arg_array);
 		}
 	}
 
 	private StringBuffer replace_first_sb = new StringBuffer();
 
 	/**
 	 * sub() functionality
 	 */
 	private String replaceFirst(String orig, String ere, String repl) {
 		replace_first_sb.setLength(0);
 		push(JRT.replaceFirst(orig, repl, ere, replace_first_sb, getCONVFMT().toString(), locale));
 		return replace_first_sb.toString();
 	}
 
 	private StringBuffer replace_all_sb = new StringBuffer();
 
 	/**
 	 * gsub() functionality
 	 */
 	private String replaceAll(String orig, String ere, String repl) {
 		replace_all_sb.setLength(0);
 		push(JRT.replaceAll(orig, repl, ere, replace_all_sb, getCONVFMT().toString(), locale));
 		return replace_all_sb.toString();
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Awk variable assignment functionality.
 	 */
 	private void assign(long l, Object value, boolean is_global, Position position) {
 		// check if curr value already refers to an array
 		if (runtime_stack.getVariable(l, is_global) instanceof AssocArray) {
 			throw new AwkRuntimeException(position.lineNumber(), "cannot assign anything to an unindexed associative array");
 		}
 		push(value);
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(l, value, is_global);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Awk array element assignment functionality.
 	 */
 	private void assignArray(long offset, Object arr_idx, Object rhs, boolean is_global) {
 		Object o1 = runtime_stack.getVariable(offset, is_global);
 		if (o1 == null || o1.equals(BLANK)) {
 			runtime_stack.setVariable(offset, o1 = new AssocArray(sorted_array_keys), is_global);
 		}
 		assert o1 != null;
 		// The only (conceivable) way to contradict
 		// the assertion (below) is by passing in
 		// a scalar to an unindexed associative array
 		// via a -v argument without safeguards to
 		// prohibit this.
 		// Therefore, guard against this elsewhere, not here.
 		//if (! (o1 instanceof AssocArray))
 		//	throw new AwkRuntimeException("Attempting to treat a scalar as an array.");
 		assert o1 instanceof AssocArray;
 		AssocArray array = (AssocArray) o1;
 
 		// Convert arr_idx to a true integer if it is one
 //		String indexString = JRT.toAwkStringForOutput(arr_idx, getCONVFMT().toString());
 		array.put(arr_idx, rhs);
 		push(rhs);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Numerically increases an Awk variable by one; the result
 	 * is placed back into that variable.
 	 */
 	private Object inc(long l, boolean is_global) {
 		Object o = runtime_stack.getVariable(l, is_global);
 		if (o == null || o instanceof UninitializedObject) {
 			runtime_stack.setVariable(l, o = ZERO, is_global);
 		}
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(l, JRT.inc(o), is_global);
 		return o;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Numerically decreases an Awk variable by one; the result
 	 * is placed back into that variable.
 	 */
 	private Object dec(long l, boolean is_global) {
 		Object o = runtime_stack.getVariable(l, is_global);
 		if (o == null) {
 			runtime_stack.setVariable(l, o = ZERO, is_global);
 		}
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(l, JRT.dec(o), is_global);
 		return o;
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public final Object getRS() {
 		assert rs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 		Object rs_obj = runtime_stack.getVariable(rs_offset, true);	// true = global
 		return rs_obj;
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public final Object getOFS() {
 		assert ofs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 		Object ofs_obj = runtime_stack.getVariable(ofs_offset, true);	// true = global
 		return ofs_obj;
 	}
 
 	public final Object getORS() {
 		return runtime_stack.getVariable(ors_offset, true);	// true = global
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public final Object getSUBSEP() {
 		assert subsep_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 		Object subsep_obj = runtime_stack.getVariable(subsep_offset, true);	// true = global
 		return subsep_obj;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Performs the global variable assignment within the runtime environment.
 	 * These assignments come from the ARGV list (bounded by ARGC), which, in
 	 * turn, come from the command-line arguments passed into Awk.
 	 *
 	 * @param name_value The variable assignment in <i>name=value</i> form.
 	 */
 	@SuppressWarnings("unused")
 	private void setFilelistVariable(String name_value) {
 		int eq_idx = name_value.indexOf('=');
 		// variable name should be non-blank
 		assert eq_idx >= 0;
 		if (eq_idx == 0) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must have a non-blank variable name in a name=value variable assignment argument.");
 		}
 		String name = name_value.substring(0, eq_idx);
 		String value = name_value.substring(eq_idx + 1);
 		Object obj;
 		try {
 			obj = Integer.parseInt(value);
 		} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
 			try {
 				obj = Double.parseDouble(value);
 			} catch (NumberFormatException nfe2) {
 				obj = value;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// make sure we're not receiving funcname=value assignments
 		if (function_names.contains(name)) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a function name (" + name + ").");
 		}
 
 		Integer offset_obj = global_variable_offsets.get(name);
 		Boolean array_obj = global_variable_arrays.get(name);
 
 		if (offset_obj != null) {
 			assert array_obj != null;
 			if (array_obj.booleanValue()) {
 				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a non-scalar variable (" + name + ").");
 			} else {
 				runtime_stack.setFilelistVariable(offset_obj.intValue(), obj);
 			}
 		}
 		// otherwise, do nothing
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public final void assignVariable(String name, Object obj) {
 		// make sure we're not receiving funcname=value assignments
 		if (function_names.contains(name)) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a function name (" + name + ").");
 		}
 
 		Integer offset_obj = global_variable_offsets.get(name);
 		Boolean array_obj = global_variable_arrays.get(name);
 
 		if (offset_obj != null) {
 			assert array_obj != null;
 			if (array_obj.booleanValue()) {
 				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot assign a scalar to a non-scalar variable (" + name + ").");
 			} else {
 				runtime_stack.setFilelistVariable(offset_obj.intValue(), obj);
 			}
 		}
 
 	}
 
 	private void swapOnStack() {
 		Object o1 = pop();
 		Object o2 = pop();
 		push(o1);
 		push(o2);
 	}
 
 	private void avmConsumeInputForGetline() throws IOException {
 		if (avmConsumeInput(true)) {
 			push(1);
 		} else {
 			push("");
 			push(0);
 		}
 		swapOnStack();
 	}
 
 	private void avmConsumeFileInputForGetline(String filename) throws IOException {
 		if (avmConsumeFileInput(filename)) {
 			push(1);
 		} else {
 			push(0);
 		}
 		swapOnStack();
 	}
 
 	private void avmConsumeCommandInputForGetline(String cmd) throws IOException {
 		if (avmConsumeCommandInput(cmd)) {
 			push(1);
 		} else {
 			push(0);
 		}
 		swapOnStack();
 	}
 
 	private boolean avmConsumeFileInput(String filename)
 			throws IOException
 	{
 		boolean retval = jrt.jrtConsumeFileInput(filename);
 		if (retval) {
 			push(jrt.getInputLine());
 		} else {
 			push("");
 		}
 		return retval;
 	}
 
 	private boolean avmConsumeCommandInput(String cmd)
 			throws IOException
 	{
 		boolean retval = jrt.jrtConsumeCommandInput(cmd);
 		if (retval) {
 			push(jrt.getInputLine());
 		} else {
 			push("");
 		}
 		return retval;
 	}
 
 	private boolean avmConsumeInput(boolean for_getline)
 			throws IOException
 	{
 		boolean retval = jrt.jrtConsumeInput(settings.getInput(), for_getline, locale);
 		if (retval && for_getline) {
 			push(jrt.getInputLine());
 		}
 		return retval;
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public Object getFS() {
 		assert fs_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 		Object fs_string = runtime_stack.getVariable(fs_offset, true);	// true = global
 		return fs_string;
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public Object getCONVFMT() {
 		assert convfmt_offset != NULL_OFFSET : "convfmt_offset not defined";
 		Object convfmt_string = runtime_stack.getVariable(convfmt_offset, true);	// true = global
 		return convfmt_string;
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public void resetFNR() {
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(fnr_offset, ZERO, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public void incFNR() {
 		inc(fnr_offset, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public void incNR() {
 		inc(nr_offset, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public void setNF(Integer I) {
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(nf_offset, I, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public void setFILENAME(String filename) {
 		runtime_stack.setVariable(filename_offset, filename, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public Object getARGV() {
 		return runtime_stack.getVariable(argv_offset, true);
 	}
 
 	/** {@inheritDoc} */
 	@Override
 	public Object getARGC() {
 		return runtime_stack.getVariable(argc_offset, true);
 	}
 
 	private String getOFMT() {
 		assert ofmt_offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 		String ofmt_string = runtime_stack.getVariable(ofmt_offset, true).toString();	// true = global
 		return ofmt_string;
 	}
 
 	private static final UninitializedObject BLANK = new UninitializedObject();
 
 	/**
 	 * The value of an address which is not yet assigned a tuple index.
 	 */
 	public static final int NULL_OFFSET = -1;
 
 	private static class RuntimeStack {
 
 		private Object[] globals = null;
 		private Object[] locals = null;
 		private MyStack<Object[]> locals_stack = new ArrayStackImpl<Object[]>();
 		private MyStack<Integer> return_indexes = new LinkedListStackImpl<Integer>();
 
 		@SuppressWarnings("unused")
 		public void dump() {
 			LOG.info("globals = " + Arrays.toString(globals));
 			LOG.info("locals = " + Arrays.toString(locals));
 			LOG.info("locals_stack = " + locals_stack);
 			LOG.info("return_indexes = " + return_indexes);
 		}
 
 		Object[] getNumGlobals() {
 			return globals;
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Must be one of the first methods executed.
 		 */
 		void setNumGlobals(long l) {
 			assert l >= 0;
 			assert globals == null;
 			globals = new Object[(int) l];
 			for (int i = 0 ; i < l ; i++) {
 				globals[i] = null;
 			}
 			// must accept multiple executions
 			//expandFrameIfNecessary(num_globals);
 		}
 
 		/*
 		// this assumes globals = Object[0] upon initialization
 		private void expandFrameIfNecessary(int num_globals) {
 			if (num_globals == globals.length)
 				// no need for expansion;
 				// do nothing
 				return;
 			Object[] new_frame = new Object[num_globals];
 			for (int i=0;i<globals.length;++i)
 				new_frame[i] = globals[i];
 			globals = new_frame;
 		}
 		 */
 
 		Object getVariable(long offset, boolean is_global) {
 			assert globals != null;
 			assert offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 			if (is_global) {
 				return globals[(int) offset];
 			} else {
 				return locals[(int) offset];
 			}
 		}
 
 		Object setVariable(long offset, Object val, boolean is_global) {
 			assert globals != null;
 			assert offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 			if (is_global) {
 				return globals[(int) offset] = val;
 			} else {
 				return locals[(int) offset] = val;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// for _DELETE_ARRAY_
 		void removeVariable(long offset, boolean is_global) {
 			assert globals != null;
 			assert offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 			if (is_global) {
 				assert globals[(int) offset] == null || globals[(int) offset] instanceof AssocArray;
 				globals[(int) offset] = null;
 			} else {
 				assert locals[(int) offset] == null || locals[(int) offset] instanceof AssocArray;
 				locals[(int) offset] = null;
 			}
 		}
 
 		void setFilelistVariable(int offset, Object value) {
 			assert globals != null;
 			assert offset != NULL_OFFSET;
 			globals[offset] = value;
 		}
 
 		void pushFrame(long num_formal_params, int position_idx) {
 			locals_stack.push(locals);
 			locals = new Object[(int) num_formal_params];
 			return_indexes.push(position_idx);
 		}
 
 		/** returns the position index */
 		int popFrame() {
 			locals = locals_stack.pop();
 			return return_indexes.pop();
 		}
 
 		void popAllFrames() {
 			int sz = locals_stack.size();
 			while (--sz >= 0) {
 				locals = locals_stack.pop();
 				return_indexes.pop();
 			}
 		}
 		private Object return_value;
 
 		void setReturnValue(Object obj) {
 			assert return_value == null;
 			return_value = obj;
 		}
 
 		Object getReturnValue() {
 			Object retval;
 			if (return_value == null) {
 				retval = BLANK;
 			} else {
 				retval = return_value;
 			}
 			return_value = null;
 			return retval;
 		}
 	}
 }